(howto) Test your GATK installation

Geraldine_VdAuwera · July 2012

Objective

Test that the GATK is correctly installed, and that the supporting tools like Java are in your path.

Prerequisites

Basic familiarity with the command-line environment
Understand what is a PATH variable
GATK downloaded and placed on path

Steps

Invoke the GATK usage/help message
Troubleshooting

1. Invoke the GATK usage/help message

The command we're going to run is a very simple command that asks the GATK to print out a list of available command-line arguments and options. It is so simple that it will ALWAYS work if your GATK package is installed correctly.

Note that this command is also helpful when you're trying to remember something like the right spelling or short name for an argument and for whatever reason you don't have access to the web-based documentation.

Action

Type the following command:

java -jar <path to GenomeAnalysisTK.jar> --help

replacing the <path to GenomeAnalysisTK.jar> bit with the path you have set up in your command-line environment.

Expected Result

You should see usage output similar to the following:

usage: java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T <analysis_type> [-I <input_file>] [-L 
        <intervals>] [-R <reference_sequence>] [-B <rodBind>] [-D <DBSNP>] [-H 
        <hapmap>] [-hc <hapmap_chip>] [-o <out>] [-e <err>] [-oe <outerr>] [-A] [-M 
        <maximum_reads>] [-sort <sort_on_the_fly>] [-compress <bam_compression>] [-fmq0] [-dfrac 
        <downsample_to_fraction>] [-dcov <downsample_to_coverage>] [-S 
        <validation_strictness>] [-U] [-P] [-dt] [-tblw] [-nt <numthreads>] [-l 
        <logging_level>] [-log <log_to_file>] [-quiet] [-debug] [-h]
-T,--analysis_type <analysis_type>                     Type of analysis to run
-I,--input_file <input_file>                           SAM or BAM file(s)
-L,--intervals <intervals>                             A list of genomic intervals over which 
                                                       to operate. Can be explicitly specified 
                                                       on the command line or in a file.
-R,--reference_sequence <reference_sequence>           Reference sequence file
-B,--rodBind <rodBind>                                 Bindings for reference-ordered data, in 
                                                       the form <name>,<type>,<file>
-D,--DBSNP <DBSNP>                                     DBSNP file
-H,--hapmap <hapmap>                                   Hapmap file
-hc,--hapmap_chip <hapmap_chip>                        Hapmap chip file
-o,--out <out>                                         An output file presented to the walker. 
                                                       Will overwrite contents if file exists.
-e,--err <err>                                         An error output file presented to the 
                                                       walker. Will overwrite contents if file 
                                                       exists.
-oe,--outerr <outerr>                                  A joint file for 'normal' and error 
                                                       output presented to the walker. Will 
                                                       overwrite contents if file exists.

...

If you see this message, your GATK installation is ok. You're good to go! If you don't see this message, and instead get an error message, proceed to the next section on troubleshooting.

2. Troubleshooting

Let's try to figure out what's not working.

Action

First, make sure that your Java version is at least 1.7, by typing the following command:

java -version

Expected Result

You should see something similar to the following text:

java version "1.7.0_12"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_12-b04)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 11.2-b01, mixed mode)

Remedial actions

If the version is less then 1.7, install the newest version of Java onto the system. If you instead see something like

java: Command not found

make sure that java is installed on your machine, and that your PATH variable contains the path to the java executables.

donfreed · July 2013

This article is a little out of date as GATK now requires java version 7.
broadinstitute.org/gatk/guide/article?id=2846

If you an error like this:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: org/broadinstitute/sting/gatk/CommandLineGATK : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0

You'll need to update to java 7

Geraldine_VdAuwera · July 2013

Indeed, that is correct. Thanks for reporting this, I'll update the article accordingly.

sarahh · August 2013

when I typed Java -version I had the answer java version "1.6.0_51" but when I wanted to update Java on my Mac, the Java Control Panel tells me I have the up-to date version Java 7.25.
What should I do?
Thanks.

Kurt · August 2013

I have two Java versions going on since site wide, we have not made the transition to java 1.7. So my default is 1.6, but when I am using GATK 2.6+, I usually provide a full path (and just have it set as a variable in a shell script). e.g.

JAVA_1_7="/isilon/sequencing/Kurt/Programs/Java/jdk1.7.0_25/bin"

$JAVA_1_7/java -jar $GATK_DIR/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar ...

Geraldine_VdAuwera · August 2013

@sarahh, on MacOSX it seems that you have to install the latest JDK package from Sun (as opposed to just the JRE). It's a pain, but blame Apple...

sarahh · August 2013

Ok, I did it and it indeed changed the version to 1.7.0_25, thank you very much Geraldine!

hungstac · August 2013

I have a Mac OSX 10.6.8 with JRE version 1.6.0_45. I tried to update to java 1.7, but according to the java website, Java 7 is not supported by versions of Mac OS X 10.6 or older. Does this mean I cannot run GATK on my computer? Thanks.

Geraldine_VdAuwera · August 2013

Hi @hungstac,

If you cannot upgrade your Mac OS version, that might be a problem. There are some workarounds for this such as this one but I cannot give you any guarantees that it will work or that it is safe to do. Another workaround would be to install a virtual machine on your mac to emulate a different OS, but we can't provide any guidance for that either. I would recommend asking your IT department for help with this issue.

dfajar2 · November 2013

Hi Geraldine,
What if I have all the prerequisites installed to run GATK and still get an error. I am pastiing below the outputs to doublecheck they are installed.

$ java -version

java version "1.8.0-ea"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0-ea-b113)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.0-b55, mixed mode)

$ bwa

Program: bwa (alignment via Burrows-Wheeler transformation)
Version: 0.7.5a-r405
Contact: Heng Li [email protected]
Usage: bwa [options]
Command: index index sequences in the FASTA format
mem BWA-MEM algorithm
fastmap identify super-max ........

$ htscmd

Version: 0.0.1+
Usage: htscmd
Commands:
-- General and indexing tools:
samview SAM<->BAM conv.........

$ samtools

Program: samtools (Tools for alignments in the SAM format)
Version: 0.1.19-44428cd
Usage: samtools [options]
Command: view SAM<->BAM conversi............

$ java -jar /usr/local/bin/picard-tools-1.101/AddOrReplaceReadGroups.jar -h

Replaces all read groups in the INPUT file with a new read group and assigns all reads to this read group in the OUTPUT BAMVersion: 1.0
Version: 1.101(1580)
Option....................

So everything looks good, but when I try to test GATK installation I get the following error:

$ java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar --help

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ERROR stack trace

java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.GenomeAnalysisEngine.(GenomeAnalysisEngine.java:164)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineExecutable.(CommandLineExecutable.java:53)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineGATK.(CommandLineGATK.java:54)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineGATK.main(CommandLineGATK.java:90)
Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.reflections.Reflections.scan(Reflections.java:220)
at org.reflections.Reflections.scan(Reflections.java:166)
at org.reflections.Reflections.(Reflections.java:94)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.utils.classloader.PluginManager.(PluginManager.java:79)
... 4 more

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ERROR A GATK RUNTIME ERROR has occurred (version 2.5-2-gf57256b):

ERROR

ERROR Please check the documentation guide to see if this is a known problem

ERROR If not, please post the error, with stack trace, to the GATK forum

ERROR Visit our website and forum for extensive documentation and answers to

ERROR commonly asked questions http://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk

ERROR

ERROR MESSAGE: Code exception (see stack trace for error itself)

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What am I missing?

Geraldine_VdAuwera · November 2013

I think this is because you have Java 1.8 installed. The current version of GATK uses Java 1.7.

dfajar2 · November 2013

Ha!! You were right, now I get the help screen running it with 1.7. Well, i guess it is not always the best to have the latest versions of some software installed.

Thanks, I was turning myself crazy.

azalea · February 2014

Hi, maybe this is not the right place to ask, but I was wondering how I can download GATK from the command line. I need to install GATK on a server with no GUI. Thanks.

Geraldine_VdAuwera · February 2014

Hi @azalea,

That's not currently possible, sorry. You'll need to download it on a workstation with a GUI then transfer it over your network to your server.

egeulgen · April 2014

Hey @dfajar2 I've got to same problem. How did you work around it? uninstall 1.8 and 1.7?

@dfajar2 said:
Ha!! You were right, now I get the help screen running it with 1.7. Well, i guess it is not always the best to have the latest versions of some software installed.

Thanks, I was turning myself crazy.

egeulgen · April 2014

@dfajar2 nevermind, I figured it out

@egeulgen said:
Hey dfajar2 I've got to same problem. How did you work around it? uninstall 1.8 and 1.7?

Thanks, I was turning myself crazy.

iqbal · April 2014

Hi, I have installed the java 1.7 but it still shows the older version in my mac os 10.9.2, can you help?

iqbal · April 2014

well, i have found the solution to my problem...

cgarner4 · May 2014

Hello )

I understand that the article is a bit outdated so I may not get the same out put shown in the example. What I am getting seems very similar but I am concerned about the error in the first line:

Error: -jar requires jar file specification
Usage: java [-options] class [args...]
(to execute a class)
or java [-options] -jar jarfile [args...]
(to execute a jar file)
where options include:
-d32 use a 32-bit data model if available
-d64 use a 64-bit data model if available
-server to select the "server" VM
The default VM is server,
because you are running on a server-class machine.

-cp <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
-classpath <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
              A : separated list of directories, JAR archives,
              and ZIP archives to search for class files.
-D<name>=<value>
              set a system property
-verbose:[class|gc|jni]
              enable verbose output
-version      print product version and exit
-version:<value>
              require the specified version to run
-showversion  print product version and continue
-jre-restrict-search | -no-jre-restrict-search
              include/exclude user private JREs in the version search
-? -help      print this help message
-X            print help on non-standard options
-ea[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-enableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
              enable assertions with specified granularity
-da[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-disableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
              disable assertions with specified granularity
-esa | -enablesystemassertions
              enable system assertions
-dsa | -disablesystemassertions
              disable system assertions
-agentlib:<libname>[=<options>]
              load native agent library <libname>, e.g. -agentlib:hprof
              see also, -agentlib:jdwp=help and -agentlib:hprof=help
-agentpath:<pathname>[=<options>]
              load native agent library by full pathname
-javaagent:<jarpath>[=<options>]
              load Java programming language agent, see java.lang.instrument
-splash:<imagepath>
              show splash screen with specified image

See http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index.html for more details.

Can anyone offer feedback on this? Thanks,, in advance!

Geraldine_VdAuwera · May 2014

@cgarner4‌ It sounds like you forgot to specify the -jar file in your command... See the basic GATK command line structure in the docs.

filipzembol · July 2014

Hi I would like to install new version of GATK. I download it and unpack it. after that I used: java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar --help
An I received:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: org/broadinstitute/gatk/engine/CommandLineGATK : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:643)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:277)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$000(URLClassLoader.java:73)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:212)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:205)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:323)
at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:294)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:268)
Could not find the main class: org.broadinstitute.gatk.engine.CommandLineGATK. Program will exit.

Please could you help me where is the problem?

thibault · July 2014

Unfortunately this is a Java error so we can't control this confusing message.

What it means is that you need to upgrade to Java 7 (also known as Java 1.7).

hypotheses · April 2015

Just got the same problem "Could not find the main class: org.broadinstitute.gatk.engine.CommandLineGATK."
on an older system running Ubuntu 12.0.04.5 LTS with openjdk-6

If it's still relevant to anyone, updating to openjdk-7-jre should probably work, but you will need the (openjdk-7-jdk) as well. I probably missed the instruction somewhere on the GATK download page, when I downloaded GATK3.30 recently.

Geraldine_VdAuwera · April 2015

As documented in the FAQ on software requirements, recent versions of GATK require Java 7 / 1.7

addseo1118 · April 2015

Many thanks!

thibault · April 2015

In addition, we only support Oracle's Java as opposed to OpenJDK.

wacguy · December 2015

Trying to check picard (java -jar ./picard.jar -h) but keep on receivig the following error:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: picard/cmdline/PicardCommandLine : Unsupported major.minor version 52.0
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:800)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:449)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$100(URLClassLoader.java:71)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:361)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:355)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:354)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:425)
at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:308)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:358)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:482)

my setting:
java version "1.7.0_71"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (rhel-2.5.3.1.el6-x86_64 u71-b14)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.65-b04, mixed mode)

server: Censos 6.6

Any Ideas?

Yhanks a lot,
Guy

Sheila · December 2015

@wacguy
Hi Guy,

The latest version of Picard uses Java 1.8.

-Sheila

rasmu23 · July 2016

@Geraldine_VdAuwera Hello, I am having this error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: org/broadinstitute/gatk/engine/CommandLineGATK : Unsupported major.minor version 52.0.
when I run java -version I get this: java version "1.7.0_80" and javac : javac 1.7.0_80. I am currently running ubuntu 12.04. All of posts i've read have said to update to java 7, but that's the version I have. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks

Geraldine_VdAuwera · July 2016

Hi @rasmu23, the Java version requirement was increased to 1.8 for GATK 3.6, as noted in the quick start documentation.

asallam · August 2016

Hi, I ran this command, and got the following error:

Error: -jar requires jar file specification
Usage: java [-options] class [args...]
(to execute a class)
or java [-options] -jar jarfile [args...]
(to execute a jar file)
where options include:
-d32 use a 32-bit data model if available
-d64 use a 64-bit data model if available
-server to select the "server" VM
The default VM is server,
because you are running on a server-class machine.

-cp <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
-classpath <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
              A : separated list of directories, JAR archives,
              and ZIP archives to search for class files.
-D<name>=<value>
              set a system property
-verbose:[class|gc|jni]
              enable verbose output
-version      print product version and exit
-version:<value>
              Warning: this feature is deprecated and will be removed
              in a future release.
              require the specified version to run
-showversion  print product version and continue
-jre-restrict-search | -no-jre-restrict-search
              Warning: this feature is deprecated and will be removed
              in a future release.
              include/exclude user private JREs in the version search
-? -help      print this help message
-X            print help on non-standard options
-ea[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-enableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
              enable assertions with specified granularity
-da[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-disableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
              disable assertions with specified granularity
-esa | -enablesystemassertions
              enable system assertions
-dsa | -disablesystemassertions
              disable system assertions
-agentlib:<libname>[=<options>]
              load native agent library <libname>, e.g. -agentlib:hprof
              see also, -agentlib:jdwp=help and -agentlib:hprof=help
-agentpath:<pathname>[=<options>]
              load native agent library by full pathname
-javaagent:<jarpath>[=<options>]
              load Java programming language agent, see java.lang.instrument
-splash:<imagepath>
              show splash screen with specified image

See http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index.html for more details.

any tips on how to get the correct readout?

Sheila · August 2016

@asallam
Hi

I did not see the exact command you ran. Did you download the latest version of GATK? Are you running on Oracle JDK?

Thanks,
Sheila

asallam · August 2016

@Sheila I ran the following code: Aminahs-MacBook-Air:~ aminahsallam$ java -jar </users/aminahsallam/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar> --help

I downloaded the latest version of GATK and oracle JDK
-Aminah

Sheila · August 2016

@asallam
Hi Aminah,

What version of Java are you using?

-Sheila

pdexheimer · August 2016

@asallam - You're not literally enclosing the name of the jar in angle brackets (<>) are you? That's simply a device to highlight a block you should fill in correctly, you should not retain the brackets

asallam · August 2016

@pdexheimer my mistake in copying, but I'm not enclosing the name of the jar in angle brackets. error still occurs.

@Sheila I'm using Java 1.8 .... I know GATK was meant for Java 1.7 but other tutorials have been working for me besides this one

nkaspric · October 2016

Hello,
I have a problem to run GATK. It is perfectly running on my macbook, but when I try to run it on my server nothing happens.
Java version is 1.8.0_74, I download GATK 3.6 and when i use : java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -h nothing happens and command run without output on the terminal.

If anyone has already got this issue, please let me know if there is a solution
Nicolas

Sheila · October 2016

@nkaspric
Hi Nicolas,

Hmm. I am not sure if we can help with that. You may want to check with your IT department to see if everything is installed properly.

-Sheila

tanu06 · February 2017

Hi,
I have have
java version "1.8.0_121"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_121-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.121-b13, mixed mode) and i am getting the below error when running BQSR on GATK.

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.GenomeAnalysisEngine.(GenomeAnalysisEngine.java:144)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineExecutable.(CommandLineExecutable.java:58)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineGATK.(CommandLineGATK.java:50)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineGATK.main(CommandLineGATK.java:86)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: could not create class file from Accessible.class
at org.reflections.Reflections.scan(Reflections.java:166)
at org.reflections.Reflections.(Reflections.java:91)
at org.broadinstitute.sting.utils.classloader.PluginManager.(PluginManager.java:59)
... 4 more
Caused by: java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: could not create class file from Accessible.class
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192)
at org.reflections.Reflections.scan(Reflections.java:162)
... 6 more
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: could not create class file from Accessible.class
at org.reflections.scanners.AbstractScanner.scan(AbstractScanner.java:41)
at org.reflections.Reflections$2.run(Reflections.java:149)
at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Caused by: java.io.IOException: invalid constant type: 18
at javassist.bytecode.ConstPool.readOne(ConstPool.java:1023)
at javassist.bytecode.ConstPool.read(ConstPool.java:966)
at javassist.bytecode.ConstPool.(ConstPool.java:127)
at javassist.bytecode.ClassFile.read(ClassFile.java:693)
at javassist.bytecode.ClassFile.(ClassFile.java:85)
at org.reflections.adapters.JavassistAdapter.createClassObject(JavassistAdapter.java:86)
at org.reflections.adapters.JavassistAdapter.createClassObject(JavassistAdapter.java:22)
at org.reflections.scanners.AbstractScanner.scan(AbstractScanner.java:38)
... 6 more

Tanushree

Geraldine_VdAuwera · February 2017

@tanu06 You seem to be running an old version of GATK (I can tell because the classpaths in the error say "sting", which was phased out in 3.1 iirc), so you should probably use Java 7 instead.

[email protected] · March 2017

@Geraldine_VdAuwera is it correct to say that GATK does not support working on Java 8 then?

Geraldine_VdAuwera · March 2017

@[email protected].orge No, the current supported version of GATK runs on Java 8. It's versions older than 3.6 that do not.

wjz20 · May 2017

Deepa_Krishna · May 2017

Hi,

I have installed new version of GATK, and the java version is 1.7

But still getting this error....

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: org/broadinstitute/gatk/engine/CommandLineGATK : Unsupported major.minor version 52.0
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:803)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:442)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$100(URLClassLoader.java:64)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:354)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:348)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:347)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:425)
at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:312)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:358)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:482)

Sheila · May 2017

@Deepa_Krishna
Hi,

The newest version requires Java 1.8

-Sheila

Test-drive the GATK tools and Best Practices pipelines on Terra

(howto) Test your GATK installation

Objective

Prerequisites

Steps

1. Invoke the GATK usage/help message

Action

Expected Result

2. Troubleshooting

Action

Expected Result

Remedial actions

Comments

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ERROR stack trace

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ERROR A GATK RUNTIME ERROR has occurred (version 2.5-2-gf57256b):

ERROR

ERROR Please check the documentation guide to see if this is a known problem

ERROR If not, please post the error, with stack trace, to the GATK forum

ERROR Visit our website and forum for extensive documentation and answers to

ERROR commonly asked questions http://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk

ERROR

ERROR MESSAGE: Code exception (see stack trace for error itself)

ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------